It was no trouble to get up at four o'clock this morning, without benefit of alarm clock, for my mind had been trained for this day for a long time.
Everyone was calm at breakfast. We knew we must be very near our objective by this time, probably at the moment passing directly under the Jap shore guns. And the fact that we had got this far without any action made us feel strangely secure, as if getting up at four o'clock in the morning and preparing to force a landing on the enemy shore were the perfectly normal things to do on an August morning in the South Seas. We had a heavy breakfast and passed a normally humorous conversation.
Up on the deck the situation was the same. Everyone seemed ready to jump at the first boom of a gun, but there was little excitement. The thing that was happening was so unbelievable that it seemed like a dream. We were slipping through the narrow neck of water between Guadalcanal and Savo Islands; we were practically inside Tulagi Bay, almost past the Jap shore batteries, and not a shot had been fored.
On the deck marines lined the starboard rail, and strained their eyes and pointed their field glasses toward the high, irregular dark mass that lay beyond the sheen of the water, beyond the silently moving shapes that were our accompanying ships. The land mass was Guadalcanal Island. The sky was still dark; there was yet no predawn glow, but the rugged black mountains were quite distinct against the lighter sky.
There was not much talking among the usually vivacious marines. The only sounds were the swish of water around our ship, the slight noises of men moving about on the forward deck.
Up on the bridge I found the ship's officers less calm than the marines. There was the worry of getting the ship to anchorage without her being sunk, and they seemed high-strung and incredulous.
"I can't believe it," one lieutenant said to me. "I wonder if the Japs can be that dumb. Either they're very dumb, or it's a trick."
But there were no signs of any tricks as we plowed into the bay, and the sky began to throw light ahead of us, and we could see even the misty outline of Tulagi and the Florida group of islands squatting to the east and north.
Now the rugged mass of Guadalcanal Island, on our right (to the south), was growing more distinct, an the sharp shoulders of the high mountains could be seen. But there was no sign of any firing from shore, nor were any enemy planes spotted.
Suddenly, from the bridge, I saw a brilliant yellow-green flash of light coming from the gray shape of a cruiser on our starboard bow. I saw the red pencil-lines of the shells arching through the sky, saw flashes on the dark shore of Guadalcanal where they struck. A second later I heard the b-rroom-boom of the cannonading. I should have been ready for that, but was nervous enough, so that I jumped at the sound.
Our naval barrage, which was to pave the way for our landing, had begun. I looked at my watch. The time was 6:14.
Two minutes later, a cruiser astern and to our starboard side began firing. There were the same greenish-yellow flashes as the salvo went off, the same red rockets arching across the sky, geysers of red fires where the shells struck shore, a terrifying rumble and boom of the explosion.
Now, fore and aft, the two cruisers were hurling salvo after salvo into the Guadalcanal shore. It was fascinating to watch the apparent slowness with which the shells, their paths marked out against the sky in red fire, curved through the air. Distance, of course, caused that apparent slowness. But the concussion of the firing shook the deck of our ship and stirred our trousers legs with sudden gusts of wind, despite the distance.
At 6:17, straight, slim lines of tracer bullets, a sheaf of them, showered from the bay in toward the shore, and simultaneously we heard the sound of plane motors. Our planes were strafing, we knew, though in the half-light we could not make out the shapes of the aircraft.
Then there were more showers and sheafs of tracers needling into the dark land-mass, and we could see the red lines forming into shallow V's, as after they struck into their targets, they ricocheted off into the hills.
A moment later my heart skipped a beat as I saw red showers of machine-gun tracers coming from low on the shore and apparently shooting seaward at an angle toward our ships. Was this the answering fire of the Japs? Was heavier firing going to follow? Was this the beginning of the fireworks?
The answer was not clear. When the firing was repeated a few seconds later, it looked more like ricochet than it had before.
Whatever the firing was, it stopped shortly after that, and from then on, there was no visible Jap resistance.
At 6:19 another cruiser, dead ahead of us, began firing. A moment later other warships joined, and the flash of their firing, and the arcs of their flying shells, illuminated the sky over a wide span ahead.
Other ships of our force—the group under Gen. Rupertus—had turned toward the left toward Tulagi, and there were the heavy reports of cannonading coming from them now.
At 6:28, I noticed a brilliant white spot of fire on the water ahead, and watched fascinated, wondering what it was, while it burgeoned into a spreading sheet of red flame. Planes were moving back and forth like flies over the spot.
"It's a Jap ship," said the ship's officer standing next to me. His field glasses were leveled on the flames. "Planes did it," he said. "They were strafing."
Now the sheet of red flame was creeping out into a long, thin line, and then it was mounting higher and higher into a sort of low-slung, fiery pyramid. For long minutes we watched the flames while the din of our thundering naval guns increased and reached a climax around us.
Ahead of us, to the left of the still brightly burning Jap ship, I saw a bright, white pinpoint of light blink into existence. It was a masthead light riding atop the Australian cruiser which had led our procession into the bay. (The Canberra, sunk in subsequent naval action in the solomon Islands area.)
Our ship was still moving forward, however, and the flaming ship ahead was growing nearer. In the light of the red-orange flames wecould see that it was not a large ship, and that it was low in the water. Possibly it was 120 feed long. "What kind of ship is it?" I asked a deck officer.
"They say it's a torpedo boat," he said. But it was in fact a schooner which had been crrying a load of oil and gasoline—whence the flames.
Our dive-bombers were swooping low over the beach. In the growing daylight you could see the color of the explosions where bombs were landing. Some, which struck at the edge of the water, had a bluish tinge. Others, hitting farther back in the sand and earth, were darker.
As the planes dived, they were strafing. The incandescent lines of their tracers struck into the ground, then bent back ricocheting toward the sky to form the now-familiar shallow V.
Our ship and one other, the vanguard of the transport fleet, slowed and stopped. Immediately, the davits began to clank as the boats were lowered away. There were a hubbub of shouts and the sound of many men moving about the ship. On the forward deck, a donkey engine began to chuff and puff. It was time for the beginning of our landing adventure.
It was daylight, but ahead the mass of flames that was the burning Jap boat glowed as brightly as in the dark of night. There were new explosions, as we watched, within the fire–probably gasoline tanks. A burning oil slick spreads across the water astern of the boat. And the thought crossed my mind that if there had been anyone alive aboard that ship, he certainly was not alive now.
Our ship and the other transports had swung bow-in toward Guadalcanal, and landing boats were in the water. More were on the way down to the tune of clinking davits. All around us, we could hear the muffled thrumming of engines; boats were cutting in and out at every angle, circling, sliding close alongside. It was cheering to see that each boat carried a small American flag at the stern.
Troops, a mass of moving green uniforms, jammed the forward deck. A sailor leaned over the rail with a signal flag, beckoning landing boats to come up beside the rope nets that served as dismounting ladders. There was something peaceful about the bustle of activity. For a moment one almost forgot about the Japs who might be waiting on shore with machine guns and artillery to blast us out of the water as we came in for a landing.
Our accompanying cruisers, which had stopped firing for a few moments, were opening up again. One, lying astern and to our starboard side, was sending salvo after salvo into a dark point of land. A column of dense black smoke was rising from the spot where the shells were landing. And as we watched, the base of the column glowed red and orange, and the boom of a distant explosion came to us.
We knew a gasoline or oil dump had ben hit, because the red flames continued to soar at the base of the smoke column, and from time to time there were new explosions, so that the flames leaped momentarily higher into the sooty black smoke.
I walked among the troops gathered on the forward deck, and found them silent and nervous–a contrast to the gaiety and song which had filled the few preceding days. There did not seem to be much to say, although a few lads came up with the inevitable, "Well, this is it."
The first of our marines clambered over the rail and swung down the rope nets into the boats. The boats pulled away and more came up, and the seeping waterfall of marines continued to slide over the side.
I got word that it was time for me to debark. I took one last look around the ship. Toward Guadalcanal shore, I could see the cruisers still pasting shells into the landscape. On the point of land (Kukum) where the bombardment had set afire a fuel dump, there was a new fire now; two columns of smoke instead of one. From Tulagi-way, across the bay, one could hear the sounds of heavy cannonading. The landing must be going ahead there.
--Richard Tregaskis
From: The United States Navy in World War II
Compiled and Edited by: S. E. Smith
Part IV: Chapter 2: The Landings
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Tregaskis, Richard-
Richard William Tregaskis (November 28, 1916 – August 15, 1973) was an American journalist and author whose best-known work is Guadalcanal Diary (1943), an account of just the first several weeks (in August - September 1942) of the U.S. Marine Corps invasion of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands during World War II. This was actually a six-month-long campaign. Tregaskis served as a war correspondent during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.
Education and career[edit]
Born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Tregaskis attended the Pingry School in Elizabeth and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey before going to college at Harvard University.[1] Prior to World War II he worked as a journalist for the Boston American Record newspaper. His family name is of Cornish origin.
Shortly after the U.S. entered World War II, Tregaskis volunteered as a combat correspondent representing theInternational News Service. (In fact, Tregaskis was one of only two journalists on location at Guadalcanal.)
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Assigned to cover the war in the Pacific, Tregaskis spent part of August and most of September, 1942 reporting on Marines on Guadalcanal, a pivotal campaign in the war againstJapan. He subsequently covered the war in Europe against Germany and Italy.
Tregaskis' most renowned book, Guadalcanal Diary, recorded his experiences with the Marines on Guadalcanal. As the jacket of the book's first edition noted, "This is a new chapter in the story of the United States Marines. Because it was written by a crack newspaperman, who knew how to do his job. . . . Until the author's departure in a B-17 bomber on September 26th, he ate, slept, and sweated with our front-line units. His story is the straight day-by-day account of what he himself saw or learned from eyewitnesses during those seven weeks."[2]
As a testimony to the power of Tregaskis' writing, Guadalcanal Diary is still considered essential reading by present-day U.S. military personnel. (A modern edition is available with an introduction by Mark Bowden, author of Black Hawk Down.) The diary was later made into a film of the same title in 1943.
Tregaskis later covered Cold War-era conflicts in China, Korea, and Vietnam. During the Vietnam War, Tregaskis reported on the growing conflict for a decade and accompanied U.S. Marines in command of local ARVN troops.
Tregaskis' second wife, Moana, followed him to Vietnam, where she put her skills to work as an anthropologist, photographing and documenting the impact of war on soldiers and civilians alike.[3]
In 1964, the Overseas Press Club presented Tregaskis with the George Polk Award for first-person reporting under hazardous circumstances. A shrapnel-gouged helmet worn by Tregaskis during World War II is on display at the National Museum of the Marine Corps. Tregaskis was wearing the helmet in Italy in 1943 when a shell fragment pierced the helmet and his skull, nearly killing him.[4]
Tregaskis died at age 56 near his home in Hawaii as a result of drowning. The Richard Tregaskis papers are on file in the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming in Laramie.
Bibliography[edit]
Tregaskis' books include:
- Guadalcanal Diary (1943)
- Invasion Diary (1944)
- Stronger Than Fear (1945)
- Seven Leagues to Paradise (1951)
- Guadalcanal Diary (1955) (Revised, updated version)
- X-15 Diary: The Story Of America's First Space Ship (1961)
- Last Plane to Shanghai (1961)
- John F. Kennedy: War Hero (1962)
- John F. Kennedy and PT-109 (children’s book, 1962)
- Vietnam Diary (1963)
- China Bomb (1967)
- Warrior King: Hawaii's Kamehameha the Great (1973)
- Southeast Asia: Building the Bases, The History of Construction in Southeast Asia (1975)
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